WFU

2017年2月26日 星期日

睡眠呼吸中止症簡介(上)


睡眠呼吸中止症的患者在夜間睡眠時容易因為無法呼吸而醒來呼吸受阻塞又造成低血氧經年累月之下對於神經認知以及心血管疾病都有不良影響。我們會用兩篇文章來簡介這個疾病

睡眠呼吸中止症是什麼?

睡眠呼吸中止症是一種常見的慢性的疾病而且常常需要長時間的追蹤依照發病的原因又可以粗略分成中樞型的睡眠呼吸中止症以及阻塞型的睡眠呼吸中止症其中又以阻塞型的佔了絕大多數以阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症而言主要症狀包括了以下三點(1) :
1. 睡眠呼吸完全中止睡眠時呼吸通氣量下降或是需要用力呼吸而醒來
2. 因夜間睡眠較差導致出現了白天症狀如常常嗜睡,疲倦,注意力不集中
3. 出現影響睡眠的症狀如打呼因呼吸阻塞而驚醒睡眠時抖腳

阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症的危險因子是什麼?

    睡眠呼吸中止症的常見危險因子如下:
1. 年齡隨著年齡增加睡眠呼吸中止症發生率也增加 (3,4,5)
2. 性別基本上男性為好發族群男性發病機會約是女性的2-3 (2,5,6)
3. 體重過重:  無論男性女性阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症最大的危險因子就是體重過重研究顯示阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症的盛行率在BMI越高的族群中也隨之增加(2,4), 更有另外的研究指出體重增加10%, 就能提高六倍發生阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症的機會(7)
4. 顱顏或呼吸道異常在顱顏異常的病患中當然呼吸道的通常程度也會跟著受影響另外如果先天的解剖構造如扁桃腺及腺樣體都有增生的狀況那呼吸道也會因而狹窄並影響呼吸。
中壯年以上, 男性, 體重過重, 都是睡眠呼吸中止症的危險族群


阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症是怎麼發生的?

    在睡眠時由於咽部呼吸道反覆的縮小塌陷使得呼吸氣流受到限制甚至完全中止即使腦部努力的希望呼吸空氣但是仍然無法呼吸。這就是阻塞型睡眠呼吸中止症的成因。
    在正常的生理呼吸中氣流首先經過鼻腔依序通過鼻咽口咽下咽最後到達喉部進入下呼吸道這一整的呼吸的途徑中任何一個位置都可能發生阻塞在許多患者中更常常出現一個以上的位置阻塞這不但加重了疾病的嚴重度也使治療方面需更加謹慎。因此必須確認阻塞部位並加以治療Muller’s Maneuver到近幾年的麻醉下內視鏡檢查(DISE), 這些都可以提供臨床醫師資訊以確認阻塞部位。
內視鏡檢查時, 左圖顯示正常呼吸時通暢的呼吸道, 右圖則顯示同一位患者在呼吸道阻塞時的影像

左圖: 正常人睡眠時的呼吸道 ; 右圖: 阻塞性睡眠呼吸中止症患者的呼吸道 


參考資料:
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